Helping Beyond Our Borders Essay -- International Crime

There are as of now 14 names on the International Criminal Court’s (ICC) â€Å"Most Wanted† list (USA for the International Criminal Court). This is the rundown of the people that are answerable for the most intolerable violations occurring far and wide. It is the objective of the ICC to discover these lawbreakers and carry them to equity. American Involvement in the International Criminal Court, intended to give requirement and arraignment to wrongdoings against mankind, is basic to its achievement in battling the individuals who are answerable for the world’s most noticeably terrible violations. The International Criminal Court was first settled in 1998 when 120 nations casted a ballot to receive the bargain laying out its structure. This bargain became effective on July 1, 2002, and 108 nations have confirmed it starting at 2008. The objective of the ICC is to bring the most genuine universal war lawbreakers to equity and stop wrongdoings, for example, massacre, violations against humankind, and atrocities (USA for the International Criminal Court). The contribution of the United States in the ICC has changed with every president in office. During the Clinton Administration, President Clinton took an interest in exchanges with the ICC and marked its rule in 2000. Be that as it may, he didn't endorse the bargain since he trusted it to be imperfect. At that point, in 2002, the Bush Administration declared that it would no longer partake in any ICC movement and would not bolster the court when it was built up (AMICC). From that point forward, the Obama Administration has chang ed the United States’ relationship with the ICC from that of threatening vibe toward positive help. Under Obama, the U.S. has upheld global criminal equity and principled commitment with universal establishments. The U.S., notwithstanding, doesn't wish to turn into... ...fference. Forceful arraignment supported by the quality the U.S. would add to the procedure, would help prevent future occasions. There are numerous individuals behind these terrible violations, and American contribution in the ICC is vital to its achievement in carrying those people to equity. Works Cited American Non-Governmental Organization Coalition for the ICC. AMICC, 2012. Web. 12 Mar 2012. MacPhee, Briony. The United States Should Be a Part of the International Criminal Court. American Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition for the International Criminal Court (AMICC), 2008. Hurricane Opposing Viewpoints. Web. 9 Mar 2012. U.S. Impact Being Felt at International Criminal Court. America.gov Press Release. 16 Jun 2010. SIRS Government Reporter. Web. 09 Mar 2012. USA for the International Criminal Court. Residents for Global Solutions. Web. 12 Mar 2012.

Work place emotions and attitudes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Work place feelings and mentalities - Essay Example Feelings are an endeavor to communicate apparently, to communicate what we accept. How an individual vibe is an impression of how he thinks. Negative contemplations produce negative feelings and positive considerations produce positive feelings. Laws exist about feelings simply like there are laws about material science. Each feeling is a consequence of some idea that went before that feeling. On the off chance that an individual has a sound body, at that point how he thinks causes how he feels. How he feels influences how he acts. Also, how he carries on produces results (Pennington and Haslam, N.D.). Mentalities are tendency or inclinations, or propensities, to respond in a great or troublesome route toward an item or any circumstance. Mentalities mirror a person’s different preferences toward different people, items, occasions, and exercises in their condition. Perspectives can significantly affect the conduct of an individual at work. In the realm of work we are worried about perspectives toward management, pay, advantages, advancement or anything that may trigger positive or negative responses. Worker fulfillment and perspectives speak to one of the key territories of estimating authoritative adequacy. Perspectives toward management, pay, advantages, advancement, or anything that may trigger positive or negative responses. Worker fulfillment and mentalities speak to one of the key zones for estimating hierarchical viability. In view of the significance of the connections of undertaking, logical, and moral execution with significant proportions of authoritative viability , one of the key objectives of supervisors ought to be to make linkages between representative execution and their fulfillment. Be that as it may, it isn't in every case simple to change a person’s perspectives about their work. The explanation is that, mentalities toward work might be just a single significant part of the person’s structure of perspectives. They may be connected firmly to other significant ones, making them profoundly inserted, and in this manner constraining how much directors can prevail with regards to adjusting the way

Case Note and Legal Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Case Note and Legal Problem - Essay Example Note that appraisal cutoff times in this module are carefully authorized. This implies on the off chance that you complete or hand an evaluation in late it won't tally except if: a) There is a substantial explanation behind the delay; and b) The appraisal can be submitted before any others are returned; and c) An expansion has been officially endorsed. Expansion demands must be turned in/messaged to the KLS office before the cutoff time. 1) Case note (pick one of the alternatives): a) Milner v Cunardâ [2010] EWCA Civ 389 Your note ought to clarify the realities and choice of the case, its pertinence to the region of law it falls inside and its legitimate centrality. It ought to likewise deliver how it identifies with as well as builds up the standards from whatever other important cases that you have examined, just as the more extensive subjects of the module. b) French and Others v The Chief Constable of Sussex Police [2006] EWCA Civ 312 Your note ought to clarify the realities an d result of the case, its importance to the territory of law it falls inside and any legitimate criticalness it has. Attempt additionally to relate it to different cases that you have contemplated and think about the case with regards to the more extensive topics of the module. The cases and other important reports for this piece of the evaluation (remembering direction for case note composing) are accessible on moodle. Instances of case notes have been given in the required and further perusing for this module †you should re-read these (and others) to get a sign of the kind of composing style you ought to embrace when composing a case note. All materials utilized ought to be effectively referenced. Data on referencing will be given in the 'How to Succeed in Law' address in week 10 and furthermore in the Monday address for LW315 in week 11. You can likewise take a gander at (and do an online instructional exercise on) KLS's favored style, OSCOLA, by following the connections fr om http://www.kent.ac.uk/law/currentug/coursework/style.html. 2) Problem question: In 2010, the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) broadcast another ability challenge called ‘X Factor Talent!’ ?100,000 prize cash was to be granted to the triumphant demonstration. ‘XFT!’ was embraced as the official trademark of the show and significant VIP, Byron Powell, was contracted as the fundamental appointed authority for a fixed term expense of ?180,000, settled in advance. On the off chance that the show was fruitful, the BBC would have liked to offer it to other TV arranges abroad. The BBC gave a press articulation saying, ‘We are enchanted that Powell has consented to go along with us - without him the show would not be close to as mainstream with the review public’. The five-night arrangement was to comprise of three broadcast live 'warms' trailed by one semi-last and a last, and all hopefuls marked an agreement with the BBC affirming that they would perform and keep the principles of the agreement. The agreement likewise specified that the BBC would give 'all sufficient gear and security with respect to which it has been advised is required by the entertainers ahead of time' and would 'play out any vital wellbeing checks'. The BBC utilized nearby woodworkers to fabricate a lot of 20 closets and sliding entryways for the changing areas behind the stage. Bodge-it was appointed to assemble 20 x 10 foot outlines with entryway sprinters at an expense of ?1,800 and pro entryway producers, Leg-it consented to manufacture sliding ways to fit the edges utilizing European Oak, which has an exceptionally unmistakable grain, at an all out expense of ?10,000. Leg-it was informed that Byron Powell

A Look at the Idea of Equity as Per the Civil Law System

A Look at the Idea of Equity as Per the Civil Law System In the English custom-based law framework value is the rule which administers the lawful framework. Value when all is said in done happens to be only an essential arrangement of rules or legitimate standards and adages which have the force and authenticity to supersede the law being referred to. This is the framework which has given the common lawful framework every one of its appendages and augmentations. The common law legitimate framework essentially spills out of value. It is said rather accepted and demonstrated past any question that the rule of value overall lightens the seriousness that exists in the precedent-based law framework and eclipses it . It permits the courts to apply their judiciousness and relate decency in solidarity with the regular law framework. As a general rule, contemporary value is confined by procedural and considerable framework. English legitimate evaluates shelter spot on innovative highlights of value. On account of authentic analysis the scrutinizes express that the value was missing of the incited rule in the underlying stage. Master Chancellor only here and there mediated in the significant highlights of the value in as indicated by his standards . Different pundits express that the value must be adaptable in nature. This paper endeavors to investigate the hypothesis of adaptability in the value standard. Alongside that this paper endeavors to investigate the impact of development and improvement in the rule of value in the advanced perspective. Advancement OF THE CONCEPT OF EQUITY: That court request give him the composed benefit to re-admission to his own region and perceived this benefit in the resistance of the infringement of his privilege of property of his territory. In the time of 1253, to evade decided from finding new writs, governing body expressed that the power to concern writs would after that be moved to makes a decision about just one writ at a solitary expression of time, in a writ for benefit wrap up perceived as a diagram of act. Because of lack in a legitimate fix, the main option of offended party could be arguing to the King . In this way, because of it, masses began arguing to the King for relief against uncalled for court choices, and as the network of candidates expediently grew, so the King hand over the activity of preliminary those interests to Lord Chancellor . As the untimely stage Chancellors had shy of authentic lawful direction and delivered little recognition for point of reference, their decisions were again and again generally incidental. In close about the time of 1529, a supporter named as Sir Thomas More, was chosen in the situation for Chancellor which makes the initiation of an inventive time. The inquiry set forth essentially concerned its value and the sureness it had. While on one hand, one chancellor could have a long foot and the other could have a short one while in the other case, the third one could have one more extraordinary proportion of it. The issue would be that every last bit of it would fit the bill to be a comparable thing in the still, small voice of a chancellor. With the advancement of the law of value, it saw a rising clash and contention with the customary law standards. The gatherings to a contest may enjoy â€Å"litigation shopping† and along these lines would search for an impartial limitation that will force a preclusion on the authorization of the sets of the custom-based law. The discipline that was forced for not having complied with the evenhanded â€Å"common injunction† and authorization choices that was given by the judgment of the custom-based law courts added up to a detainment . Sir Edward Coke, who happened to be the Chief Justice of the King’s Bench, started the framework wherein the writ of habeas corpus started to be given which requested that those guilty parties who were detained for having made hatred of the chancery requests would be made to go on discharge. This trouble was continuous arrived at a most noteworthy limit on account of Earl of Oxford (1615) where the choice that was conveyed by Chief Justice Coke, was illegitimately acquired by commission of a cheat. Master Ellesmere, who was the Lord Chancellor, passed a connected directive from the Court of Chancery which explicitly forced a forbiddance on the precedent-based law request from being authorized. The two clashing courts got stood up in a stalemate and therefore, the issue was alluded to Sir Francis Bacon who happened to be the Attorney General. Sir Francis Bacon alluded to look for the authority of King James I and under such position, he maintained that the basic directive can be conceded and it was additionally finished up by him that in the event that if any contention lies between precedent-based law and value, what might stay in presence is value . Advancement OF MODERN EQUITY: Post 1473, the lawful framework saw an improvement of the Chancery framework where the privileges of the gatherings were dictated by the Courts dependent on its own gave announcements and activities. Progressively issues began emerging with the diverse method of activity of the chancery framework and dependent on circumstances when the choices came straightforwardly under clash with the pervasive framework under the custom-based law . The procedure in the Court was not identified with the issue of writs in essence yet was worried about the advancing of an appeal that was under the prerequisite of the way that the grumbling that is the summon ought to be given consideration and yet, there ought to be plentiful room of avoidance that ought to be given to forestall any activity under customary law and simultaneously, keep from giving any sorts of orders . Thomas Moore has upheld for the recommendation that orders or any sorts of limitations ought not be given in the event that if the ap pointed authorities who possess the seats in the precedent-based law courts would resolve with the brutal truth of the framework and yet, on the off chance that they neglect to concur and conjointly settle on a solitary issue in a circumstance when the frameworks under presence were under the destiny of fate to impact and agree. In the year 1617, the Chief Justice of the King’s Bench was Sir Edward Coke. The Chief Justice set forward whine to the then ruler James I who gave a confirmation to the privileges of the chancellor which in the long run offered improvement to the value ward. Settled principled were accordingly evolved by the Chancellors who succeeded. The most remarkable figures in this advancement were Lord Nottingham who is famously alluded to as the dad, Lord Hardwicke who happened to be the engineer of the rules that were settled and Lord Eldon who is known as the consolidator. There was a gigantic disappointment that was caused in the Chancery. What was the most inferable reason for this discontent in the Chancery was that there was a support increment of outstanding task at hand and the organization happened to be profoundly incapable . This incapability came in relationship with the charge structure. This whole rundown of thorough causes brought about the disappointment there in the Chancery. So as to determine this debate, increasingly number of meetings with respect to judges was made and an agreeable circumstance was proposed to accomplish . The cures that were acclimatized with the agreeable development between the arrangements of the precedent-based law and value encouraged this respect. The subsequent enactments in such manner were the Common Law Procedure Act 1854 and Chancery Law Amendment Act 1858. It was in the end felt that that time has been achieved which promptly requests for additional change. THE FLEXIBILITY IN THE THEORY OF EQUITY: By and large it is assumed that value guideline is an inverse or at some point reciprocal to the precedent-based law legitimate framework . At whatever point the law is severe the value arrangement stays adaptable on that specific issue. This guideline advocates for the optional of the court of judges rather relying upon just to the standards and law. This standard accommodates equity rather those setting up simple privileges of the gatherings. In the women's activist statute the profounder cases that the law of value advocates for the equity to the ladies by applying the standard of adaptability. However, numerous individuals contend that the correct adaptability as far as value is a nonexistent thing. Master Denning advocates that there is a requirement for another Equity. He express that the built up law can be changed for the undeniable and valid justifications and for the prerequisite of the general public. Following 50 years of this methodology, there were such a large number o f alterations are made by need of the general public. The case of the Lord Denning is viewed as one of the most current ways to deal with the idea of value . Woman's rights IN EQUITY: Women's liberation in value and woman's rights in sexual orientation are the two orders of women's liberation the meaning of which was just because advanced by the famous researcher Christina Hoff Sommers in herself wrote book â€Å"Who Stole Feminism?† She proceeded to give the depiction of women's liberation in value as having the goal of belief system of determining equivalent and real rights as gave under law to the two people. She proceeded to characterize woman's rights in sexual orientation as having the expectation of fighting the difficulties set forth under sexism and social structures of man centric society which come to be tended to in regular practice related to society and social decent variety. Sommers herself unequivocally represents pushing her view which she gives inclination of calling woman's rights in value and simultaneously, she proceeds to continually scrutinize her idea of what keeps on being woman's rights in sex . Sommers gives a depiction of women's liberation in value as a philosophy that has its underlying foundations profoundly embedded in the pith of traditional parts of radicalism that has the particular intend to accomplish a completely equivalent balance the extent that the common and equivalent privileges of ladies are concerned. Exploratory therapist Steven Pinker gives a comprehensive extension on what Sommers has expressed. he keeps on saying that women's liberation in value is only a basic good convention which has its fundamental driving force on treating people equa

Pesticide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Pesticide - Research Paper Example â€Å"Pesticides execute a great many fish each and the harm to other amphibian life is enormous† (Carlile, 2006). Utilization of pesticides likewise hurts the ozone layers and is one of the main sources of an unnatural weather change also. Pesticides contain particular kinds of synthetic concoctions, which tends to break over some undefined time frame and this harm the layer causing a drawn out impact. Pesticides likewise have roundabout impacts. Utilization of pesticide in one zone executes the creepy crawlies yet it additionally hurts plants and creatures around there. â€Å"Pesticides additionally unfavorably influence humans† (Carlile, 2006). At the point when the debased water is depleted into streams, livings things, if not murdered, additionally stand up to effect of defilement. At the point when a human devour these polluted living animals, the destructive pesticides arrive at the internal arrangement of human which cause a significant wellbeing hazard issue. As per pesticide selectivity, wellbeing and the earth, different investigations have been embraced to show the effect of pesticides on the environment in general. Expanding consideration has been paid to investigate the impact of pesticides on the earth and the aberrant effect in â€Å"food networks and chains† (Carlile,

Top 3 Misconceptions About Stress Management

Top 3 Misconceptions About Stress Management Stress Management Print Top 3 Misconceptions About Stress Management By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on July 29, 2019 OJO Images/Getty Images More in Stress Management Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Relationship Stress Stress is a universal experience â€" an unavoidable part of being human â€" but too much-unmanaged stress can take a heavy toll on health and wellbeing. Stress levels are rising in recent years, and an effective method of stress management is becoming a must for most people. Being bright, health-conscious people, many of us are learning more about stress and how to effectively manage it. However, certain misconceptions about stress and stress management still persist, and these misconceptions tend to negatively impact many people’s ability to relieve stress in their lives. The following are some of the most common â€" and most damaging â€" stress-related misconceptions I hear. Stress Management Is All About Eliminating Stress From Your Life Many, if not most, of the people I talk to about stress, tend to think that stress management is tantamount to cutting out everything in life that brings stress. Yes, this is an important aspect of stress management, but no, this is not the entire goal. The truth is that it would be neither possible nor desirable to eliminate all stress from one’s life. For one thing, we need at least some stress in our lives in order to optimally function; we need a challenge in order to grow. Also, there is a subtype of the stressor (known as eustress) that is actually beneficial for your health and vitality, provided you do not experience excessive doses of it. Finally, it would not be possible to cut out all stress, and you would likely create more stress for yourself if you tried! Why This Misconception Is Damaging: If you believe that cutting out all stress is the goal, you will miss out of the benefits of other forms of stress management. You may also create higher levels of stress for yourself in working toward a goal that is impossible to reach. A Better Approach: It is healthier to accept that stress is a part of life, and then work to eliminate what you can and develop strategies to manage the stressors you cannot eliminate from your life. With the Right Attitude, You Never Need to Feel Stressed Many people believe that the right attitude is the only difference between a stressed person and a serene one. There is a fair number of books and experts who support this idea. Don’t get me wrongâ€"a shift in attitude can make a very significant difference in stress levels. However, too much stress does take a toll, even if it is experienced as “challenging” rather than “threatening, even if you approach it head-on and overcome it, even if you have the best attitude in the world and experience the situation as a positive one. If your situation requires a response and it takes any effort to maintain emotional equilibrium (if you are aware that you are facing a challenge), the stress does still take a toll, though not necessarily to the same degree. Why This Misconception Is Damaging: People may mistakenly believe that if they just had a better attitude, none of the challenging experiences they face could make an impact, therefore, they aren’t working hard  enough to stay positive; this belief can lead to negative self-assessment. They might also fail to recognize and manage the effects of stress they are under (until the damage is already done) if they don’t experience themselves as “stressed. A Better Approach: Still work on maintaining a positive attitude and thinking about your life in a strengths-based way. But remember that even too much of the good-for-you kind of stress can take a physical toll, and take extra care of your body when you are facing challenges in lifeâ€"even if you don’t “feel” stressed. Just Learn the Right Techniques and Your Stress Will Be Gone Stress management techniques like exercise, meditation, and positive thinking can minimize your experience of stress and create resilience toward stress as well. However, no technique can completely eliminate the stress you may experience in life. Why This Misconception Is Damaging: If people expect any stress management technique to eliminate all stress, or even work well in every circumstance, they may decide that the technique is just not working for them and give up. They might also think there is something “wrong” with them that they still feel stressed, and become discouragedâ€"and even more stressed. A Better Approach: Bear in mind that all stress cannot be eliminated, even with the best techniques â€" and this is okay. (Remember what we were talking about earlier, about how you need some stress in your life to remain healthy and happy?) Keep in mind that stress management is about maintaining equilibrium â€" handling what comes along and getting to a place where you are doing what needs to be done and at peace with it. Stressors may temporarily throw you off-balance a bit, but stress relief techniques are there to help you get back to a place of feeling calm and balanced again; the key thing to remember is that it sometimes requires a little work to get back in balance after a stressor hits, particularly if it’s something big like the end of a relationship, the loss of a job, a major illness, or a death in the family. Some stressors are inevitable, and stress management techniques cannot prevent this, but they can help us to better cope. An important final note is that stress management techniques can be wonderfully effective, but they need to be practiced in order to be helpful â€" you cannot take a class in meditation, for example, and then reap the rewards for the rest of your life without actually practicing meditation regularly. Likewise is true with exercise, visualizations, breathing exercises, and other effective techniques. They can bring resilience toward stress, but they do not entirely block out all the negative effects of stress. (Still, these stress management techniques bring enough benefits that it really is worth practicing them as regularly as you are able to.) The right techniques can help, but they do not stop all stress, and they need to be practiced regularly.

Experimental Report H7 - Free Essay Example

Experimental Report Aim The objective of the laboratory report was to determine the thermal expansion coefficient of copper and other materials by measuring the relative change in length of bars of the materials as a function of temperature. Introduction The average coefficient of thermal expansion ? over a temperature interval ? T is given by ?L / L0 = ? T Where L0 is the length at some initial temperature, and ?L is the change in length corresponding to a change in temperature ? T. Therefore the thermal expansion coefficient can be determined from the slope of a graph of the relative change in length ? L/L0 versus temperature change ? T. Experimental Method 1. A small amount of water was placed in the copper kettle (there was enough water so it did not take all day for it to boil, and not too little so it would have boiled dry). The kettle was placed on the tripod with an asbestos mat and heated with the bunsen burner. 2. The rest of the apparatus was set up as shown below. kettle test material bunsen burner Figure 1. Apparatus showing the set up and items used for the experiment. 3. The dial gauge was observed to understand how to read it. The initial length Lo was marked on the apparatus, and the room temperature. 4. When the water boiled the temperature of the bar was noted with the thermocouple thermometer and the dial gauge reading was also noted. These are the initial conditions taken. 5. The bunsen burner was then turned off. 6. As the bar cooled, the temperature was noted as well as the dial gauge reading every ten degrees. From this the calculation of the change in length ? L and change in temperature ? T from the initial conditions were done. 7. A graph of ? L/Lo versus ? T was then plotted. The thermal expansion coefficient ? was then found from the slope of the graph. 8. The stop screw was undone on the non-dial gauge end of the steam jacket, (reference to Figure 1was used, and the test rod was then carefully removed). Replacing with another test rod, steps (3) to (7) were repeated. Results Material | Aluminum| Temp (? C)| Extension (mm)| ? L/Lo| ? T (? C) | 96. 6| 0. 50| 1. 515 * 10-3| 71. 6| 86. 6| 0. 4607| 1. 264 * 10-3| 61. 6| 76. 6| 0. 378| 1. 145 * 10-3| 51. 6| 66. 6| 0. 30| 0. 909 * 10-3| 41. 6| 56. 6| 0. 22| 0. 667 * 10-3| 31. 6| 46. 6| 0. 48| 0. 449 * 10-3| 21. 6| 36. 6| 0. 07| 0. 212 * 10-3| 11. 6| 29. 5| 0. 025| 0. 076 * 10-3| 4. 5| Table 1. Results from the experiment of aluminum Material | Copper| Temp (? C)| Extension (mm)| ? L/Lo| ? T (? C) | 97. 5| 0. 36| 1. 091 * 10-3| 75. 2| 87. 5| 0. 32| 0. 970 * 10-3| 65. 2| 77. 5| 0. 27| 0. 818 * 10-3| 55. 2| 67. 5| 0. 222| 0. 673 * 10-3| 45. 2| 57. 5| 0. 177| 0. 536 * 10-3| 35. 2| 47. 5| 0. 13| 0. 393 * 10-3| 25. 2| 37. 5| 0. 092| 0. 279 * 10-3| 15. 2| 30. 5| 0. 052| 0. 158 * 10-3| 8. 2| Table 2. Results from the experiment of copper Data analysis To find the coefficient of thermal expansion, the change in length is divided by the initial length. This is shown by the formula: ? L/Lo Example from the results of Aluminum: 0. 5mm / 330mm = 1. 515 x 10-3 The results are shown above in Tables 1 and 2. See appendix for graph of Thermal Expansion ? L/Lo vs. ?T Experimental Discussion Problem (1) In order to find if the expansion gaps have closed up you need to find how much the material will expand at the temperatures given. To calculate this certain data of the material is needed. The material has an expansion coefficient of 20 x 10-6 ? C Each beam member of the bridge is 50m long with a cross sectional area of 5m2. To find the thermal expansion of the beam is can be expressed linearly. ? L = L0  ? (t1   t0)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1) where ? L = change in length (m) L0  = initial length (m) ? =  linear expansion coefficient (m/m ? C) t0  = initial temperature  (? C) t1  = final temperature  (? C) ? L = 50m x (20 x 10-6 ? C) x (60 ? C – 20 ? C) ? L = 0. 04m ? L = 4cm At a temperature of 60 ? C and with the bridge members being gapped 2cm apart the expansion gaps will close up and then compression on both members will take place. The expansion gaps will close up at 30 ? C. The bridge expands linearly 1cm with a change of temperature of 10 ? C (2) To calculate the stress set up on the bridge after the expansion gaps close up it is necessary to use the elastic modulus and the stress and strain calculations. Each beam member of the bridge is 50m long with a cross sectional area of 5m2. It has an elastic modulus of 2 x 1011 Pa Strain Strain can be expressed as strain = ? L / L where strain  = (m/m) ? L  = elongation or compression (offset) of the object (m) L  = length of the object (m) Stress Stress can be expressed as stress = F / A here stress  = (N/m2) F  = force (N) A  = area of object (m2) Youngs Modulus (Tensile Modulus) Youngs modulus or Tensile modulus can be expressed as E = stress / strain = (F / A) / (? L / L) where E = Youngs modulus (N/m2) Firstly use the formula for strain = ? L / L = 0. 06m / 50m = 1. 2 x 10-3 Next Young’s modulus E = stress / strain = (F / A) / (? L / L)   Re arrange the values to get the force therefore Force = E x Strain x Area = (2 x 1011) x (1. 2 x 10-3) x 5m2 = 12 x 109 = 1. 2 GN (3) If this bridge was in the design stage, it would be recommended to increase the gap of the bridge members. This gap would need to be more than 8cm if they were not to touch. Question 1 Copper has an expansion coefficient of 1. 7 x 10-5 ? C The beam is 7m long Initial temperature is 20 ? C Final temperature is 60 ? C ? Temperature is 40 ? C Expansion of Copper pipe = 7m x (1. 7 x 10-5) x 40 ? C = 0. 00476m = 0. 476mm Polythene pipe has an expansion coefficient of 200 x 10-6 With the beam at the same length and the change in temperature being the same the expansion of the pipe would be: Expansion of Polythene pipe = 7m x (200 x 10-6) x 40 ? C = 0. 056m = 0. 6mm This shows that it expands more than the copper pipe and would therefore not provide the smallest space between the pipe and the wall. Question 2 All piping systems will expand and contract due to temperature changes. Changes in temperature tend to cause a change in dimensions of any matter. The allowance of moderate change in length of an installed piping system is needed as a consequence of a temperature change is generally benefic ial, regardless of the piping material, in that it tends to reduce and redistribute the stresses that are generated should the tendency for a dimensional change be fully restrained. The main way to avoid damage or without creating a wide cavity in the wall is with the typical expansion loop as seen in Figure 2. Expansion loops are periodically placed in long pipelines subject to wide temperature changes, such as steam lines and the Alaska oil pipeline. These loops absorb changes in pipe length and thereby mute and redistribute the large stresses that would result if pipe thermal movements had been physically restrained. Similar measures for safely absorbing thermal expansion/contraction reactions need to be taken with thermoplastic piping systems or within the case of the copper piping next to the wall. Figure 2. Expansion loop. Summary Understanding thermal expansion is very important as it can impact on every kind of material. From the experiment and the results produced is it clear that as there is an increase in temperature of a material, there will be an increase in length of the material. One particular way it can increase is linearly as shown above in the Tables 1 and 2 and also in the graph Thermal Expansion ? L/Lo vs. ?T. The expansion that is shown is due to the different expansion coefficients of each material. Some will expand more than others. From the results is it clear that aluminum has a large expansion coefficient due to the change in length in relation to temperature. There are also means that can be put in place to absorb changes in pipe length such as using expansion loops or bends. Overall the results that were produced support the expected relationships between the change of length of a material and temperature.